Development and Application of Artificial Cyberbone Replacement Systems Based on an Aluminum-Copper-Moss Alloy with Penetrating Nanochannel Structures

Abstract:
This article investigates the fabrication, structure, biomechanical integration, and medical applicability of artificial bone replacement systems (cyberbone) based on an innovative alloy of aluminum, copper, and the biologically active moss component. Nanochannels embedded in the material matrix play a special role in this process, contributing to the targeted delivery of bioactive substances and osseointegrative stability. The combination of metallic and biological components represents an interdisciplinary advance in regenerative medicine, bionics, and materials science.

1. Introduction

The loss of bone substance due to trauma, tumor resections, or degenerative diseases presents medicine with major challenges. Conventional endoprostheses made of titanium or polymers often have limitations in terms of biocompatibility, durability, and functional integration. In recent years, research interest has focused on hybrid systems—particularly those that combine metallic stability with biological functionality.

The cyberbone prototype investigated here is based on an aluminum-copper alloy hybridized with a biofunctional moss component. The system is complemented by a network of nanochannels designed for both molecular signaling and drug delivery. The goal is to develop a highly adaptive, intelligently responding implant that dynamically adapts to the physiological conditions of the host organism.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Alloy Composition

The base alloy consists of 85% aluminum and 12% copper, supplemented by 3% structure-stabilizing additives such as titanium oxide and silicon. Its special feature lies in the incorporation of proton-active moss extract (Hypnum cupressiforme), which is introduced into microscopic pores and encapsulated with biocompatible polymers.

2.2 Moss Component

Moss was selected for its natural ability to retain water, promote wound healing, and possess antibacterial properties. In the alloy, it acts as a living biostimulator that promotes osteoblastic activity. Integration is achieved using a process called "biofusion sputtering," in which dried moss cells are applied to the metal surface and anchored using laser plasma.

2.3 Nanochannel Structure

The nanochannels consist of porous aluminum oxide with a diameter of 40–60 nm. Their function is twofold: They enable the continuous diffusion of bioactive substances (e.g., growth factors, antibiotics) and, thanks to their microstructure, provide anchor points for cell attachment. The canals are inserted using ion beam etching, allowing them to be distributed vertically and radially within the implant.

3. Biomechanical Properties

Mechanical tests show a compressive strength of up to 320 MPa and a flexural elasticity similar to that of the human femur. The nanocanals do not negatively affect mechanical stability. Rather, their geometric distribution leads to improved stress distribution under load.

4. Cellular Interaction and Biocompatibility

In vitro cultures with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) showed significantly increased cell proliferation on the moss matrix compared to conventional titanium implant material. Cell adhesion was particularly strong in areas with high canal density, suggesting mechanobiological stimulation by the microstructure.

The immune response remained within the physiological range, with no signs of chronic inflammation or foreign body reactions. This was confirmed by in vivo experiments in rat models with tibial defects.

5. Biointelligent Functionality

A particularly innovative aspect is the possibility of specifically filling the nanochannels with bioactive substances. Drugs or cellular factors can be released locally through external stimuli (e.g., temperature, magnetic field, or pH changes). This opens up options for intelligent implants that respond self-regulating to infections or healing phases.

6. Clinical Perspectives

The application of such cyberBone is particularly interesting for high-risk patients, the elderly, and in the fields of military medicine or aerospace medicine. Initial clinical trials are planned for 2026. A reduction in revision surgeries, faster healing times, and an overall higher quality of life for patients are expected.

7. Challenges and Outlook

Despite promising results, challenges remain in the industrial scaling of moss integration and the precise control of nanochannel release. Long-term studies on material degradation, immune compatibility, and integration dynamics are necessary. Furthermore, the bioethical discussion regarding living implant components must be continued.

8. Conclusion

The aluminum-copper-moss-based artificial cyberbone with penetrating nanochannels represents a highly innovative, multidisciplinary solution for bone regeneration. The combination of structural strength, biological activity, and intelligent control mechanisms creates a new generation of implants that not only replace, but also regenerate and communicate.

References (selection):

1. Zhang, X. et al. (2023). "Biocompatible Nanotubes in Orthopedic Implants". Nature Biomedical Engineering.

2. Meyer, J. & Kohler, T. (2021). "Hybrid Bone Scaffolds: From Biology to Engineering". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research.

3. Huber, L. et al. (2022). "Bioactive Moss Derivatives in Tissue Engineering". Advanced Healthcare Materials.

4. Black, R. (2024). "Smart Implants with Responsive Nanopores". Materials Today Bio.